What is colorectal cancer?
Colorectal cancer, also known as colon or rectal cancer, is a type of cancer that originates in the cells of the colon (large intestine) or rectum (the end of the colon). It typically starts as polyps, which are abnormal growths in the lining of the colon or rectum, and can develop into cancerous tumors over time. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide and can be life-threatening if not detected and treated early.
Other symptoms of colorectal cancer include:
- Changes in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, narrowing of stool)
- Blood in stool (bright red or dark in color)
- Abdominal discomfort (persistent pain, cramps)
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fatigue and weakness
- Anemia (low red blood cell count)
- The feeling of unfinished bowel emptying after a bowel movement
Usually, early cancer does not cause pain. It is important not to wait for pain to develop before seeing a doctor.
What are the risk factors for colorectal cancer?
Many factors can increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Some of the multiple common risk factors include:
- Age: The risk of colorectal cancer increases with age, especially after age 50.
- Personal or family history: Individuals with a personal history of colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyps or a family history of colorectal cancer are at higher risk.
- Genetic syndromes: Certain inherited conditions such as Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP) may increase the risk of colorectal cancer.
- Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Individuals with long-standing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer.
- Lifestyle factors: Unhealthy lifestyle habits, such as a diet high in red and processed meat, lack of physical activity, obesity, smoking, and heavy alcohol consumption, can increase the risk of colorectal cancer.
- Type 2 diabetes: Individuals with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer.
- Certain medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as acromegaly, radiation therapy to the abdomen or pelvis, and a history of ovarian or breast cancer, may increase the risk of colorectal cancer.
Why get screened for colorectal cancer?
Screening for colorectal cancer is essential because it can detect the disease at an early stage when treatment is most effective. Colorectal cancer often develops slowly and may not cause noticeable symptoms until it has advanced. Regular screening can detect precancerous growths or early-stage cancers that can be removed or treated before they become more aggressive or spread to other parts of the body.
Screening for colorectal cancer can also save lives. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide & the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. However, when detected early through screening, the survival rate is high. Screening methods such as colonoscopy, fecal immunochemical tests (FIT), and sigmoidoscopy are proven to reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer and lower mortality rates. Therefore, being screened for colorectal cancer is a crucial preventive measure that can help identify the disease early, increase chances of successful treatment, and ultimately save lives.
How do I get checked for colorectal cancer?
For individuals without any specific risk factors, it is generally recommended to start colonoscopy screening at age 50 and repeat it every 5 years. However, those with a family history of colorectal cancer or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) should consider screening before the age of 40 or ten years prior to the age of the family member with cancer, as advised by Dr. Pinak Dasgupta, a Robotic Colorectal Surgeon in Chennai. It’s important to consult with your doctor to determine the appropriate screening schedule based on your individual risk factors and medical history.
Having colorectal cancer, what next?
If you are diagnosed with colorectal cancer, it can be 100% curable with proper management. The success of treatment depends on the stage and location of the cancer, but there are various treatment options available.
- For polyps, a colonoscopy can often remove them without surgery.
- Early-stage cancer can often be cured with minimally invasive keyhole surgery.
- If the cancer has spread to the liver, newer drugs and keyhole surgery can manage it well.
- With advancements in medical technology, keyhole surgery can be performed in most cases, with a reduced risk of complications and a faster recovery time. Stomas can be prevented in 90% of cases.
Can Colorectal Cancer be Prevented?
Yes, colorectal cancer can be prevented through a combination of healthy lifestyle choices and regular screening. A diet rich in high-fiber foods such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Regular exercise for at least 45 minutes per day can also lower the risk. Additionally, regular screening, such as colonoscopy, is crucial in detecting and removing any precancerous polyps before they develop into cancer.
By making small changes in diet and lifestyle, such as eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly, the risk of colorectal cancer can be reduced by up to 70%. If you are 50 years or older, it is important to talk to your doctor and schedule a colonoscopy for early detection and prevention of colorectal cancer. Taking proactive steps to prevent colorectal cancer can lead to better health outcomes and increased chances of living a cancer-free life.
